Updated September 25, 2026. Fact-checked against veterinary sources; review by a licensed veterinarian is in progress. See our editorial policy.
Quick answer: Cognitive dysfunction syndrome, similar to dementia in people, affects many cats over about 11 years old. Signs include yowling at night, disorientation, litter box accidents, changes in sleep, and changes in social behavior. Because many treatable conditions cause similar signs, such as hyperthyroidism, high blood pressure, hearing or vision loss, arthritis pain, and kidney disease, a vet exam comes first. Enrichment, routine, diet, and sometimes medication can help.
Signs
- Loud vocalizing, especially at night
- Getting lost or staring at walls
- Changes in sleep-wake cycles
- Litter box accidents
- Changes in interaction: clinginess or irritability
- Reduced grooming or interest in play
Conditions that look similar
- Hyperthyroidism
- High blood pressure, which can cause blindness and behavior changes
- Hearing or vision loss
- Arthritis pain
- Kidney disease
- Brain tumors
What helps
- Keep routines predictable and the home layout stable
- Night lights and easy access to litter, food, and water
- Low-sided litter boxes
- Gentle play and food puzzles
- Diets with antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, as your vet recommends
- Medications, in some cats, to help sleep or anxiety, prescribed by your vet
What to avoid
- Punishment for accidents or nighttime yowling
- Human sleep aids, especially melatonin products with xylitol or other additives
- Essential oils
Sources
- Sordo L, Gunn-Moore DA. Cognitive dysfunction in cats: update on neuropathological and behavioural changes plus clinical management. Vet Rec. 2021
- Landsberg GM, Nichol J, Araujo JA. Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: a disease of canine and feline brain aging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2012
- AAFP/AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg. 2021
This article is for general education and is not a substitute for care from your own veterinarian. Learn about The Pet Vet and our editorial policy.