Updated November 1, 2026. Fact-checked against veterinary sources; review by a licensed veterinarian is in progress. See our editorial policy.
The liver performs many jobs, including processing nutrients, producing important proteins and helping the body handle waste products. Liver disease does not always announce itself with yellow eyes. Some dogs first show decreased appetite, vomiting, changes in thirst or simply less enthusiasm for normal activities.
Subtle changes worth documenting
Make note of repeated nausea, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, increased thirst and changes in stool or urine. These signs are nonspecific: gastrointestinal illness, kidney problems, diabetes and other conditions can look similar. A veterinarian may discover altered liver enzymes during routine bloodwork before an owner sees symptoms.
Signs that are more concerning
Yellowing of the whites of the eyes or gums, a swollen abdomen, persistent vomiting, unusual bruising or a sudden change in awareness deserves prompt veterinary attention. Seizures, collapse, severe weakness or major bleeding are emergencies. Do not assume a supplement will reverse liver injury, and do not give human painkillers without veterinary direction.
How the cause is investigated
Blood chemistry, blood counts, urine tests, imaging and sometimes specialized tests or sampling may be used. Elevated liver enzymes indicate a problem that requires interpretation; they do not automatically identify its cause or severity. Infections, toxins, congenital vascular problems, medications and cancers can affect the liver in different ways.
What happens next
Treatment depends on the underlying condition. Some dogs need dietary changes, medications or close monitoring; others require urgent hospitalization. Ask for clear instructions about which foods or supplements to avoid and when repeat tests are due. See how veterinarians assess liver disease severity for further context.
Reference
Merck Veterinary Manual, hepatic diseases of small animals and diagnostic approaches to canine liver dysfunction.
This article is for general education and is not a substitute for care from your own veterinarian. Learn about The Pet Vet and our editorial policy.