Updated September 25, 2026. Fact-checked against veterinary sources; review by a licensed veterinarian is in progress. See our editorial policy.
Quick answer: Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is degeneration of the cushioning discs between the vertebrae. In Type I, common in short-legged breeds like Dachshunds and French Bulldogs, discs harden early and can burst suddenly, causing pain or paralysis. In Type II, more common in older large-breed dogs, discs bulge slowly, causing gradual weakness. Sudden inability to walk is an emergency. For signs and first steps, see our guide to slipped discs in dogs.
Type I vs. Type II
- Type I (extrusion): sudden onset, often painful, most common in chondrodystrophic breeds (Dachshunds, French Bulldogs, Beagles, Shih Tzus, Pekingese, Corgis) from about 3–7 years old
- Type II (protrusion): gradual onset, often in older large-breed dogs, sometimes mistaken for arthritis or other spinal disease
Neck vs. back
- Neck (cervical) IVDD: neck pain, holding the head low, crying out, and sometimes weakness in all four legs
- Back (thoracolumbar) IVDD: back pain, hunched posture, and back-leg weakness or paralysis
Surgery and outcomes
- Surgery removes disc material pressing on the spinal cord.
- Dogs that still feel deep pain in their toes have a high chance of walking again after surgery.
- Some centers perform preventive procedures on other at-risk discs. Discuss pros and cons with a specialist.
Rehabilitation
- Starts soon after surgery or during conservative care, as advised
- Includes range-of-motion exercises, assisted standing, balance work, and underwater treadmill
- Speeds recovery and helps dogs regain strength
Lowering the risk of future episodes
- Keep your dog lean.
- Use a harness instead of a collar.
- Use ramps and steps, and limit jumping off furniture.
- Keep your dog fit with regular moderate exercise.
- Learn the early signs so you can act fast.
Genetic risk
A genetic variant linked to early disc degeneration has been identified in many chondrodystrophic breeds. Breeders can test for it.
Sources
- Olby NJ, et al. ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of acute canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med. 2022
- Brown EA, et al. FGF4 retrogene on CFA12 is responsible for chondrodystrophy and intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017
- Merck Veterinary Manual: Intervertebral disc disease in dogs
This article is for general education and is not a substitute for care from your own veterinarian. Learn about The Pet Vet and our editorial policy.